The number and the quality of follicles ovulated in estrous cycle is directly related to bovine reproductive performance. The definition, corresponding theories and technological progress, as well as the research prospect of follicular development were reviewed in present paper. It’s convincing that revealing of the mechanisms underlying bovine follicular development and atresia will greatly improve bovine reproductive performance.

The objective of this study was to clone pig Tektin4 gene and analyze the tempospatial expression patterns in organs or tissues of Meishan pigs. Using RACE, Tektin4 cDNA was cloned and bioinformatics analysis was performed. The expression of Tektin4 mRNA in tissues and organs of 150-day-old Meishan boar and sow were detected by semi-quantitative methods.The expression pattern of Tektin4 in the testis of 2-, 30- , 60-, 90- and 150-day-old Meishan boars were analyzed by Real-time PCR. Sperm in cauda epididymal of Meishan boars at different development stages were counted. The results showed pig Tektin4 cDNA was 1 500 bp, encoding 447 amino acids, which had TEKTIN family conservative domain of four Coiled-coils. Between Helix2A and Helix2B spirals, the characterized sequences RPNVELCRD for TEKTIN family were present. Pig Tektin4 amino acids sequence showed 89% identity with cattle and horse and were in the same cluster by phylogenetic analysis, and it had the lowest similarity (62%) and the longest evolution distance between pig and tropical xenopus. Tektin4 expressed highly in testis and weakly in uterine horn and oviduct of sow and pituitary of boar. It began to express in testis on 60 days, which paralleled with emergency of sperm with complete shape in cauda epididymal. The expression level in 150 days testis was higher significantly (P<0.01) than those in other days testis. It implied that Tektin4 has the function of sperm tail structural protein, which may be involved in structure of cilia of some organs or tissues.

Full length coding sequence of porcine Prox1 gene was cloned from liver cDNA. Then the chromosomal and subcellular localization of sProx1 were investigated. In this study, Blast searches was employed to obtain homologous porcine ESTs in the porcine EST databases with the Prox1 gene sequence of human and mouse, primers were designed and the mRNA sequence of Prox1 gene was amplified by RT-PCR. Blasted the intron2 sequence of Prox1 between human, mice and other kinds of species, a pair of primers was designed for the partly cloning of porcine Prox1 intron2. Chromosome localization of Prox1 was detected by IMpRH (INRA-Minnesota porcine radiation hybrid panel). pEGFP-N1-Prox1 was constructed and PK15 cells were transfected with the plasmid. The subcellular localization of Prox1 protein observed by inverted fluorescence microscope after 12 h. The complete Prox1 cDNA sequence and the intron2 partial sequence was cloned（GenBank Accession NO.EF486324，EF571585）. sProx1 gene was physically mapped on porcine chromosome 9q26 and closely linked to marker SW1651, and recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N1-Prox1 was constructed and EGFP-Prox1 was expressed in the nucleus of PK15 cells.

To reveal genetic basis and molecular mechanism affecting shank growth in chicken, live weight, shank length and shank girth of F₂ generation individuals were measured at 93-day-old, these birds came from Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) chicken F₂ rescoure population. Genomic DNA was genotyped using chicken 60 K SNP Beadchip. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) on shank length and shank girth were performed. The results showed that 1 and 4 SNPs were significantly associated with shank length and girth (P<2.98×10^-6), respectively at 5% genome-wide level; 4 and 25 SNPs were suggestive associatied with the two traits (P<5.96×10^-5), respectively. SNPs located at downstream of NKX2-5 and ELAVL4 on chromosome 13 and 8 were signficantly associated with shank length and girth, respectively at 5% genome-wide level. Many SNPs associated with shank length were in 14.93 Mb region (71.01-85.94 Mb) on chromosome 4, and LDB2, BOD1L1 and QDPR were in this region. These genes and regions could be important candidate genes and regions for shank length and girth. The results lay a foundation for revealing the genetic basis and molecular mechanism for shank growth and marker assisted selection in the further.

To investigate the relationship between polymorphism and mRNA expression levels of the two genes (MC1R and ASIP) and coat color in Kazakh sheep, the polymorphism of MC1R and ASIP genes were detected in 168 Kazakh sheep (62 black, 56 white and 50 brown) by PCR-SSCP and sequencing technology, and the relationship between the mutation sites of the two genes and different coat colors were analyzed in sheep. Simultaneously, the real-time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of the two genes in three coat color of skin tissue，their association with coat color was analyzed. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the MC1R gene polymorphism locus (P.M73K) and coat color (P<0.01), whereas, ASIP gene polymorphic loci was not associated with the coat color (P>0.05). Additionally, the expression level of MC1R in the black hair was significantly different with that in white hair (P<0.01) and brown hair (P<0.05), while the ASIP gene expression was not associated with different hair (P>0.05). Results of the present study indicate that MC1R gene is the major gene affecting the Kazakh sheep coat color.

The aim of the study was to research polymorphism of DKK1 gene and its association with body measurement and meat quality traits in Qinchuan cattle. 447 Qinchuan heifers from 18- to 24-month-old under similar feeding conditions were randomly selected, DNA samples were directly sequenced and the polymorphisms of DKK1 gene was analyzed by PCR-SSCP technology. Least squares fitting linear model of SPSS16.0 program were used to analyze the relationship between the different genotypes and body measurement and meat quality traits. Five SNPs had been detected in DKK1 gene including G523A in intron1, A999G and A1169G in intron2, C1858T in intron3 and A2355G in exon4，which was missense mutation with replacement of Arginine by Cystein at 247^th amino acid. The result of PCR-SSCP analysis showed that G523A and A2355G showed only two genotypes, whereas A999G, A1169G and C1858T showed three genotypes. χ² test showed G523A, A1169G and A2355G were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.01), whereas A999G and C1858T were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P＞0.05) in Qinchuan cattle populations. Association analysis of polymorphisms of DKK1 gene with body measurement and meat quality traits showed that the genotypes of different mutations in DKK1 gene were significantly related to body length, withers height, hip height, rump length, pin bone width and backfat thickness, lion muscle area, intramuscular fatty content（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). It indicated that SNPs of the DKK1 gene may be closely associated with some body measurement and meat quality traits, and could be an major candidate gene for new strain breeding of Qinchuan cattle.

To investigate the expression regulation mechanism of NANOG gene in swamp Buffalo, the 5′ regulatory region of NANOG gene was cloned and analyzed. Four deletion mutants fragments -1 213, -745, -425 and -312 bp were designed and constructed as EGFP reporter vectors respectively. Using the reporter vectors, the transgenic buffalo and pig embryos were produced by micro-injection method. The result showed that EGFP could only be observed in inner cells mass(ICM). In the 4.5 d pig embryos, the EGFP could be observed in all reporter vectors. After tranfecting the four reporter plasmids into buffalo fetal fibroblast about 48 h, fluorescence could be observed in a small number of cells in all groups. QRT-PCR analysis showed that the differences of the transcriptional activity from each other were highly significant in pig 4.5 d embryo cells, the -745 bp fragment had the highest activity, followed by -425 bp, then -1 213 bp and finally -312 bp. In buffalo fetal fibroblasts, the activity of -425 bp fragment was significantly higher than that of the others, there was no significant difference between -1 213 and -745 bp, and the both were significantly higher than that of -312 bp fragment. These results indicated that, in buffalo blastocyst the -1 213 bp fragment can mediate specific expression of buffalo NANOG gene in ICM. Based on the above results, we predict that there is pluripotent cell-specific inhibition element existed in -1 213--745 bp and -745--425 bp contains pluripotent cell-specific enhancer element, and -425--312 bp contains non-pluripotent cell-specific enhancer element.

In order to elucidate the structures of NGB gene, the nearly complete NGB gene sequence of Tianzhu White yak was amplified and analyzed through PCR, cloning, sequencing and the bioinformatics tools. The results showed that the sequence of NGB gene was 3 840 bp in length, including four exons and three introns. 151 amino acids were encoded by the NGB gene and the cloning existed codon bias phenomenon. Compared with NGB gene and its amino acid sequences in taurine cattle (Bos taurus), there were two nucleotide deletions in intron 3 of NGB gene of Tianzhu White yak and two changes of amino acids occurred at the 83^rd (S→P) and the 97^th (R→Q) positions, respectively. The results lay a foundation for further studying on the genetic characteristics and physiological mechanisms of NGB.

This experiment was conducted to reveal the polymorphism of exon 3 of ADAMTS1 gene which was differentially expressed between Mongolian sheep (MS) ovaries, and to analyze the different expression in single-bearing and biparous MS ovaries and uterus tissue. The polymorphism of ADAMTS1 gene in exon 3 was detected by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct DNA sequencing technique, and differential expression in single-bearing and biparous MS ovaries and uterus tissue was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). The result showed that the ADAMTS1 gene had a C→T point mutation for the base 141 in exon 3 coding region, but not caused the amino acid sequence changes. The results of χ² fitness test indicated that all the MS populations in low polymorphism (PIC=0.233) and not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.05). The expression of ADAMTS1 gene in biparous MS ovaries and uterus tissue was 2.04 and 2.30-fold that of single-bearing MS by using RQ-PCR. The results indicated that ADAMTS1 gene was the major gene and played an important role to the MS fecundity traits.

In this study the expression profiles of 3β-HSD, P-450c17, P450arom and Estrogen receptor (ER) genes were analyzed to understand the potential influence of 3β-HSD, P-450c17, P450arom and Estrogen receptor (ER) on the early embryonic development and sex differentiation in quail embryo. The sexes of quail embryos were identified by PCR amplification of Wpkci gene, then 10 female and 10 male embryos at every time point (day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of incubation) of the early development stage were sampled. Real-time PCR was applied to analyze the expression profiles of 3β-HSD、P-450c17、P450arom and Estrogen receptor (ER) genes at different time points of the early development stage (day 3-8 of incubation) in quail embryos. Results showed that the expression levels of P-450c17, P450arom and ER were all higher in female than that in male on day 4 of incubation: for P450arom gene, it was detected only in female embryos throughout the incubation period and displayed the peaking level on day 4 of incubation（P<0.01）; for ER gene, the highest expression levels were detected on day 4 of incubation both in female and male, but the expression level in female was significantly higher than that in male （P<0.05）; for P-450c17, the expression level was higher in female than in male, but the difference was not significant（P>0.05）. The expression level of 3β-HSD gene was significantly higher in female than in male on day 5 of incubation（P<0.01）. These results indicate that 3β-HSD, P-450c17, P450arom and ER genes play an important role in the process of sex differentiation during the early development stage of quail embryo, especially at the day 4 to day 5 of incubation.

The aim of this experiment was to explore the effect and mechanism of LPS on distribution of free amino acid of plasma in dairy goats fed high concentrate feed. Six dairy goats during the dry period ,which were installed permanent rumen fistulas, were randomly divided into two groups including low concentrate group（concentrate-to-forage ratio 4∶6）and high concentrate group（concentrate-to-forage ratio 6∶4）.Using a crossover experimental design divided into two phases, each phase was fourteen days. Rumen fluid pH , the content of LPS and free amino acids were determined in the first three weeks of the experiment. The results showed that those goats fed with high concentrate began to appear subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA) from the third week, and their LPS contents in peripheral blood significantly increased (P<0.05). The content changes of each amino acid in the plasma also were found. Compared with low concentrate group, both Glu and Ala contents were significantly lower (P <0.01), Gln, Arg, Thr, Lys, total non-essential amino acids, total free amino acids and total glucogenic amino acids significantly decreased (P<0.05). These results indicated that amino acids in plasm of goats appeared to distribution as the increased the proportion of concentrated feed in the diet. Its mechanism may be related to the decrease of pH in rumen and the increase of LPS in blood.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different force-feeding amounts on growth performance, carcass quality and body fat deposition in Mule ducks. Fifty-six 91-day-old health male Mule ducks (male Albatre Muscovy duck × female Pekin duck) with similar body weight were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 1 Mule ducks per replicate. The experimental feeding period lasted 12 d from 91 to 102-day-old and the corn diet was provided to the seven groups of ducks. The treatment groups were fed by force-feeding and the feed intake in the first 2 days was the same in 330 g·d^-1 at 91-day-old and 390 g·d^-1 at 92-day-old in all groups, and then the force-feeding levels in each treatment remained unchanging during the next 10 days and were 450,540,630,720, 810,900 and 990 g·d^-1, respectively. The results showed that:（1）The mean final body weight were significant differences (P<0.05) and increased gradually with the increasing feeding levels. Average daily gain (ADG) reached to peak when the feeding level was up to 900 g·d^-1 and then decreased with the increasing feeding level. Feed/Gain (F/G) were no significant differences between each treatment groups (P>0.05). Based on the average daily gain (ADG) data, the broken-line regression model was used, the optimum feeding levels for force-feeding Mule ducks was 884.0 g·d^-1（R²=0.992，P<0.000 1）;（2）No significant differences in dressing percentage (DP), eviscerated percentage (EP), breast muscle weight (BMW), breast muscle percentage (BMP), leg muscle weight (LMW) and leg muscle percentage (LMP) were observed among different treatments(P>0.05);（3）Body fat deposition index of Mule ducks increased gradually with the increasing feeding level and significant differences in liver weight (LW) and liver fat percentage (LFP) were observed (P<0.05) among different treatments. Based on the liver fat percentage (LFP) data, the broken-line regression model was used, the optimum feeding levels for force-feeding Mule ducks was 879.8 g·d^-1（R²=0.916,P=0.007 0）. In conclusion, overfeeding of Mule ducks can increase average daily gain and induce fat deposition in adipose tissues and hepatocyte, but growth performance is never unchanged when the feeding level is up to 900 g·d^-1.

Avian influenza is one of the deadly infectious diseases of poultry, which influences the development of agricultural economy of China greatly. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus like H5N1 can even break the species barrier and infect human, which may pose great threat to public health. Currently, inactivated vaccines are the main vaccine in preventing avian influenza, which may accelerate virus transmission if we can’t get the virus completely inactivated. Therefore, we need safer and more effective vaccines. In this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus BV-G-H5N1-HA, expressing HA protein in mammalian cell and exhibiting HA protein on the surface of the viral envelope simultaneously. Animal experiment was conducted by vaccinating mice intramuscularly with BV-G-H5N1-HA, pc-H5N1-HA, AcMNPV-WT (wild-type AcMNPV) and PBS, respectively, then the mice were challenged intranasally (i.n.) with A/Chicken/Guangzhou/M/2008(H5N1). Results showed that BV-G-H5N1l-HA can induce higher concentrations of neutralizing antibody and HI antibody in the immune group, and provide a considerable protection rate of 91.7%. All these data indicate that BV-G-H5N1-HA may be a novel vaccine candidate which helps to prevent and control of HPAI in the future. Moreover, the application of novel baculovirus vector will provide important insights into the field of animal vaccine development.

The novel swine-origin influenza A(H1N1) virus can cause respiratory infectious diseases in humans and pigs, it attracts wide attention and research since its worldwide outbreak in April 2009. This study researched the airborne spread characteristics of the virus. In January 2011, a swine-origin H1N1 epidemic emerged in eastern China, one novel swine-origin influenza A(H1N1) virus A/swine/Shandong/07/2011 was isolated from throat swab samples and lung collected from swine. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect viruses in air samples taken from inside and outside of piggeries; Aerosol transmission model were also established to analyze the airborne transmission characteristics in the experimental conditions of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus. The detected rate of virus in piggeries air samples was 26.10% and was shown to contain 3.14-5.72 log₁₀ copies·m^－3 air of virus. The rate virus detected in 10 m downwind of piggeries air samples was 40.70% and was shown to contain 2.24-3.77 log₁₀ copies·m^-3 air of virus. In the model, this virus was capable of forming aerosols and infecting animals in aerosol exposure group by transfer of aerosols, although infection by aerosols was found to be less efficient than by direct contact. This study demonstrates that this SO 2009（H1N1）IV strain is able to be aerosolized by infected animals and to be transmitted to susceptible animals by airborne routes in the experimental conditions.

This experiment was conducted to understand the role of the σ^B factor in regulating the environmental stress of Listeria monocytogenes (LM). We constructed SigmaB gene deletion LM strain by using gene overlap extension PCR (SOE-PCR) and homologous recombination, and the environmental stress response of the strain on the different temperature, different pH condition and high osmotic pressure conditions were detected, and the transcription level of the genes that related with environment stress were tested by using qRT-PCR. The results showed that the environmental stress abilities of the SigmaB gene deletion mutant at the non-suitable conditions weakened and the transcriptional level of genes corresponding to environmental stress (rsbV, rsbW, hpt, clpP, ctsR) decreased significantly comparing with the standard strain. The results indicated that σ^B factor plays an important role in responding to environmental stress (temperature, pH and osmotic pressure) of LM. The study provides an important theoretical basis for further studies on its molecular mechanisms of environmental stress response and new target for drug action.

In order to reveal the adaptation mechanism of skeletal muscle in yaks to hypoxia, DaTong yak at different age stages were selected, and cattle in plain field were selected as control at the same time. The average section area (Ax), average volume (V), the numerical density on area (N_A) and volume density (Vv, volume density of mitochondria in unit volume of skeletal muscle fiber) of mitochondria in skeletal muscle of Yak and cattle were compared by microstereolgy technology. Results showed that the average section area, average volume of mitochondria in skeletal muscle of DaTong yak declined at first and then increased from birth to adult, and there were significant differences between any two of the groups (P<0.05). The numerical density on area and the area density increased at first and then decreased from birth to adult, and notable differences can be find between any two of the groups (P<0.05). The volume density of skeletal muscle mitochondria in DaTong yaks increased following growth, and these parameters mentioned above in DaTong yaks were higher notably than those in plain cattle at the same age (P<0.01). According to the results, we can get the conclusions that skeletal muscle of DaTong yak have a perfect histoheredity characteristics at birth and have a fine adaptive ability to plateau hypoxia environment with characters including smaller muscle fiber diameter, larger surface area density and collagen fiber content, larger microvessel density, more tiny average volume, and higher mitochondria numerical density on area, higher mitochondria area density and higher mitochondria volume density. The structure of skeletal muscle changes continually to promote their growth and to adapt to the environment. Following growth, the muscle fiber diameter and mitochondria volume density increased, but surface area decreased gradually, collagen fiber content and mitochondria numerical density on area increased at first and then decreased, but microvessel density and mitochondria average volume declined at first and then increased. The 30th day of new born yak is a critical stage to get the ability of adaptation for external environment.

A series of tests were conducted to investigate the drug efficacy and transdermal speed of ciclopirox olamine nanoemulsion in vitro and provide experimental basis for clinical application. Antifungal activity test of ciclopirox olamine in vitro was conducted by using the microdilution method and evaluation of its transdermal permeability was by utilizing modified Franz diffusion device. The results of antifungal activity test in vitro showed that the MIC to Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus aureus was 0.125, 0.250 and 16.000 μg·mL^-1, respectively, which was better than results of ciclopirox olamine solution and bifonazole solution obviously. It is manifest that nanoemulsion as a kind of drug carrier can improve the antifungal activity of ciclopirox olamine. The results of transdermal permeability of ciclopirox olamine nanoemulsion in vitro test illuminate that the transdermal rate of ciclopirox olamine nanoemulsion and ones with 2%, 5% azone was (22.381±0.114), (134.573±0.012), (50.350±0.001) μg·cm^-2·h^-1, respectively, whereas the transdermal rate of ciclopirox with 20% ethanol solution was (10.891±0.062) μg·cm^-2·h^-1. It shows that ciclopirox olamine nanoemulsion enhances its percutaneous penetration (P<0.01) and it can further improve its transdermal ability in vitro when the azone was added (P<0.01). Overall, nanoemulsion as the carrier of ciclopirox olamine can improve its antifungal activity and transdermal speed, which provides a theoretical basis for clinical application of ciclopirox olamine nanoemulsion.

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship and molecular mechanisms between chicken heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and apoptosis. Plasmid vectors expressing short hairpin-like structure small interfering RNA (shRNA) targeting chicken HSP70 were constructed and transfected into the chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) in this study. At 18, 24, 28 h post interference, the CEF apoptosis was observed by Annexin V-FITC method following interference of hsp70 expression and caspase3 ＆ caspase8 were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that, compared with the mock cell, 1) Apoptotic cells increased as the interference time extended. 2) The hsp70 in CEF cells decreased by 75%, 83% and 96% while caspase3 increased to 250%, 140% and 110%, and caspase8 decreased to 76%, 80% and 34% at 18, 24, 28 h post interference respectively. The results projected that chicken hsp70 protects the CEF cells against apoptosis mainly via the mitochondrial pathway.

Endophytic fungi were isolated from Sphaerophysa salsula samples from Alashan of Inner Mongolia to investigate whether endophytic fungi exist in this plant and to assess the diversity and distribution of endophytic fungi. The optimal method for sterilization of plant materials surface with 75% ethanol and 2%NaClO was determined by the general method of endophytic fungus’ isolation and purification, species and genus of endophytic fungus was identified by the traditional morphology and molecular biology. It was found that 75% enthanol for 30 s, 2% NaClO for 3.5 min. and 75% enthanol for 50 s, 2% NaClO for 4 min. were more suitable for leaf and seed sterilization of Sphaerophysa salsula, respectively. Under the optimal surface sterilization conditions, leaf had a maximum isolation rates （41.67%）, followed with seed （37.14%）; and the species and the quantity ratio （38.75%）of endophytic fungi isolated from seed was the highest, followed with stem （20.00%）. Eighty strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from 4 different tissues of Sphaerophysa salsula, which belonged to 10 genera, 6 families, 5 orders and 4 classes. Alternaria sp and Fusarium sp were the dominant species in this plant with the relative frequency 53.75% and 21.25%, respectively. There was an obviously difference in quantity, species and distribution of the endophytic fungi between different parts of Sphaerophysa salsula. Seed and leaf were the most vulnerable to infection and colonization by the endophytic fungi and the diversity was maximum in seed of Sphaerophysa salsula.

Anemonin is the main component of pulsatilla, it has conspicuous control efficiency on diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to clarify the intestinal mucosa repair mechanism of anemonin on diarrhoea. The experiment established the diarrhoea model by porcine rotavirus (PRV) and E. coli, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used in the study. The results showed that: In the preliminary stage of diarrhoea, the protein of TGFβ1 and EGFR in self-healing group, treatment group and prevention group were all higher than that of control group, and the prevention group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The expression of EGFR mRNA and TGFβ1 mRNA in self-healing group, treatment group and prevention group were all significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.01). In the later stage of diarrhoea, the expression of EGFR and TGFβ1 gradually decreased until to the normal condition. The results suggeste that the mechanism of anemonin could significantly prevent diarrhoea caused by PRV and E. coli maybe has some relationships with regulating the expression of EGFR and TGFβ1.

Characterization of microRNA expression in goat muscle was studied, with the purposes of providing basic information for further studies of goat growth and development activities such as goat muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. The small RNAs isolated from total RNA of goat muscle were sequenced by Solexa and then bioinformatics analysis was perfomed. Meanwhile, the expression of selected miRNA was validated by q-PCR. Based on Solexa sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, 517 muscle miRNAs, which are conservative on evolution of mammals (sheep, bovine, swine, horse, dog), and 2 goat genome-specific miRNA were identified. Among them, 306 exceeded 100 in the expression levels. The expression of 8 selected miRNA in muscle tissues obtained by q-PCR was agreement with Solexa sequencing results. MiRNA target gene prediction and functional analysis showed that many miRNAs among them may affect cell signaling pathways and animal muscle development. Succeed in construction of expression profiling of miRNA which are abundant and differentially expressed in goat muscle tissues. This study provides important information on the role of miRNA regulation in muscle growth and development.

In order to analyze the situation of wild birds infected avian leukosis virus(ALV) in China in 2010-2011, we collected 300 samples of wild birds from different areas. Seven strains of ALV-J were detected by PCR. The env gene and the 3′UTR were amplified, cloned and sequenced from seven isolated strains, which were subgroup J-positive. The results showed that the env genes of the seven strains from positive samples were not in the same branch with prototype strain HPRS-103 and representative strains, and the 3′UTR of them were a little different from HPRS-103. Part sites of E element have mutation, compared with HPRS-103. ALV has infected the wild birds in China. The large circumscription of the wild birds increases the difficulty of prevention and control of AL, though the relevance ratio is low. Parts of the env gene and 3′UTR of isolated strains have varied by sequencing and analyzing. More attention should be paid in preventing and controlling the transmission of ALV among wild birds.

 To identify Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in Western Chongqing, 18S rRNA genes were amplified by nested PCR and the products were analyzed by RFLP. The amplified fragments were cloned into pEGM-T easy vector and sequenced. The homology and phylogeny analysis of these sequences were conducted by using BLAST and MEGA 4.0 softwares. The results indicated that the approximate 830 bp fragments of 18S rRNA gene were successfully amplified, and the PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes SspⅠ and MboⅡ, respectively. All the digested products were analyzed with RFLP assay. The results revealed the presence of all the three major Cryptosporidium species of dairy calves viz., C. andersoni, C. ryanae and C. bovis. C. andersoni is the dominant species in Western Chongqing. This work will provide a valuable resource for further research on pathogeny biology of cryptosporidiosis and monitor this disease in Chongqing.