A dynamic selection rule was developed that maximizes the annual genetic response while constraining the rate of inbreeding per year to a predefined value in a population with overlapping generations and different number of age class between sire and dam. This rule accounts for the animals in population with overlapping population should be divided into sex-age classes, and limits the increase of mean relationship of individuals in parent population, so, the mean rate of inbreeding of new progenies is controlled. Inputs for the rule are the BLUP estimated breeding values, the relationship matrix of all animals, and long term contributions of sex-age classes. Outputs are optimum number of animals to be selected and optimum number of offspring for each individual selected. Stochastic simulations of pig nucleus schemes showed that predefined rates of inbreeding were actually achieved. The dynamic selection rule obtained up to 10% more genetic gain than truncation selection at the same rates of inbreeding.

Total thymocyte RNAs were extracted from 4-6 week-old White Leghorn, Langshan, Bigbone, Beijing fatty chicken, Camellia, Xianju and Recessive white feather chickens respectively, mRNAs were isolated from total RNAs using oligo-dT cellulose, then CD4 or CD8α cDNAs were amplified with RT-PCR using the purified mRNAs as the templates. The cDNAs were sequenced after inserted into Promega T easy vector. The sequencing analysis showed that the CD4 sequences of different breeds shared high homology, the CD8α sequences of Chinese local breeds had 6-13 amino acid differences at extracellular domain as compared with those of White Leghorn and RPL line 7. Among Chinese local breeds tested, CD8α sequence of Xianju chicken had 4-5 amino acid differences at extracellular domain as compared with others, while Langshan, Beijing fatty chicken and Recessive white feather chickens share the same sequence of CD8α cDNA. It was shown that the CD4 sequences of Chinese local breeds are highly conserved, while CD8α sequences have lower polymorphism than those of foreign breeds. These results provided useful information for further study on the structure and function of CD4 and CD8 molecules.

Various economics pig breeds show remarkable difference on their fat deposition ability. The objective of this study is to determine their genetic difference by determining their gene expression level during the fat deposition growth in Bamei pigs and Largewhite pigs. A total RNA was extracted from dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue at 4 months old of Bamei and Largewhite pig breeds, respectively. The first-strand cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcriptase using random hexamer primer. A pair of primers were designed based on the sequence of rat Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 gene (SOCS-3). The single tube Semi Quantitative Reverse TranscriptionPolymerase Chain Reaction (SQ RT-PCR) was applied to determine their expression level of SOCS-3 mRNA in adipose tissue between Bamei pig and Largewhite pig. The β-actin gene was selected as internal control. After amplication, agarose gel electrophoresis was performed and various expression bands and their Optical Density (OD) value were analyzed by Dolphin-DOC software. The result showed that the expression level of SOCS-3 mRNA in dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue in Bamei pig was significantly higher than that of Largewhite pigs (P<0.01). This finding suggests that the difference of SOCS-3 gene expression level in adipose tissue may be one of the main reasons which result in the different fat deposition ability between different pig breeds.

In present study, a pair of primer was designed according to the mRNA sequence of chicken GDF-5 gene that offered by GenBank(Accession No: AF123389). The eighth generation population of NEAU broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat were used. Body weight and body composition traits were measured in the population. SNPs among individuals were detected by DNA sequencing, and PCR-SSCP method was then developed to screen the population. A C/T mutation at the position of the 84 bp of GDF-5 gene exon 1 was found, and three genotypes were detected in the population, the sequence of AA genotype was consistent with the GenBank(Accession No: AF123389), that is C, while the BB genotype is T. The correlation analysis between the C84T polymorphism of the GDF5 gene exon1 and traits was carried out using the appropriate statistic model. The least square analysis showed that the AA birds had significant metatarsus circle than AB birds (P<0.05), the metatarsus claw weight and metatarsus claw percentage of the AA and AB birds were much higher than that of BB birds(P<0.05), the femur length and weight of the AB birds were much longer and heavier than that of the BB birds(P<0.05). It implied that GDF-5 gene could be a candidate locus or linked to a major gene to significantly affect growth and skeletogenesis traits in chicken.

Limousin bulls and Charolais bulls were used in the present study to examine the influence of different seasons on semen quality, frozen semen productivity, physiological response, blood biochemical parameters and seminal plasma biochemical parameters. Results showed that: (1)The sperm motility, frozen sperm motility, percentage of motile sperm and percentage of intact acrosome were significantly lower, and the rate of abnormal sperm is significantly higher in summer than that of other seasons(Ｐ<0.05), while sperm concentration was at the lowest level in autumn.(2)The quantity of frozen semen production in summer was at the lowest level, only 7 388 count each month. (3)The mean concentrations of blood serum LH(48.12 ng/L), testosterone(4.15 ng/L), T3(1.11 ng/L) and cortisol(4.89 ng/L) were lower in summer than that of other seasons(Ｐ<0.01). (4)Compared with other seasons, the mean levels of blood serum sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium decreased significantly in summer(Ｐ<0.01).(5) The concentration of seminal plasma testosterone of beef breeding bull was lower in summer than that of spring, autumn and winter significantly(Ｐ<0.05). (6) the mean concentrations of seminal plasma sodium(83.12 mmol/L), potassium(18.77 mmol/L) and calcium(4.63 mmol/L) were at the lowest level in summer compared with that of spring, autumn and winter; the concentration of magnesium in seminal plasma had the significant drop trend from spring to autumn, but the mean concentrations of seminal plasma phosphorus (4.65 mmol/L) in summer was on the highest level and significantly higher than that of other seasons(Ｐ<0.01). (7) In summer, the mean concentration of seminal plasma ALP(1 784.3 U/L) was higher than that of spring and autumn(Ｐ<0.05), but lower than that of winter (Ｐ<0.01).(8) Seminal plasma testosterone was found to be significantly correlated with the parameters of seminal quality(Ｐ<0.05). The serum biochemical parameters were significantly correlated with seminal plasma biochemical parameters(Ｐ<0.05). The respiratory rate and rectal temperature were found to be significantly correlated with the parameters of seminal quality and serum，but there was no significant correlation with seminal plasma biochemical parameters(Ｐ<0.05).

The experiment was conducted to study the contents of flavor precursors in breast meat of Fujian Hetian chickens with different sex and nutrition. The results were as follows: The sex had a significantly effect on the contents of abdominal fat percentage, amino acid(except Asp, Thr, Ser, Pro, Cys) and intramuscular fat(IMF), saturated fatty acid(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)(P<0.05), but an insignificant effect on the contents of the 5’-Inosinic acid(IMP). The male versus the female breast muscle had higher levels of total amino-acids(TAA), IMP, SFA, MUFA proportion and lower levels of IMF and PUFA proportion. The dietary energy had a significant effect on the content of TAA, IMF, SFA, MUFA, PUFA in the breast muscle. The high versus the low dietary energy increased the SFA, MUFA proportion and decreased the IMP, IMF and PUFA proportion with no change in the TAA proportion. The dietary protein had a significant effect on the content of IMF, SFA, MUFA, PUFA and TAA of breast muscle. The high dietary protein decreased the IMF and SFA proportion and increased the PUFA proportion with inconsistent change in the MUFA proportion. The sensory analysis results as follows: The scores of the male breast muscle were higher than the female’s in the aroma and amumi and the tenderness was lower than the female’s. The high dietary nutrition decreased the scores of umaimi and tenderness and with no change in the scores of the aroma. But from the total acceptability, the sex had no effect on the acceptability and the low dietary nutrition had higher acceptability than the high dietary nutrition.

Three types of stalks from high oil corn variety (HOC 298), conventional corn (CAU3138) and specific fodder corn (FC3) were used to determine the alteration of main chemical contents and in vitro digestibility of HOC 298 stalks with kernel maturity stage and the difference of HOC stalks to other variety of corn stalks. The result showed that as the corn kernels matured, HOC298 stalks had linear increases (L; P<0.01) in the contents of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), starch and ether extract (EE), and the digestibility of DM (DMD), but had a linear decrease (L; P<0.01) in the contents of NDF, ADF and lignin. The optimum harvest time for high oil corn HOC298 was, therefore, recommended at 4/4 milk line of kernels. The content of WSC, starch and EE of HOC298 stalks was not only much higher (P<0.01) than that of CAU3138 stalks harvested at 4/4 milk line, but also higher (P<0.06 or P<0.01) than that of FC3 stalks harvested at 3/4 milk line, whereas the content of cell walls including NDF, ADF and lignin of HOC 298 stalks was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that of CAU3138 and FC3, respectively. The stalks of HOC298 had higher (P<0.01) in vitro DMD and NDFD, and ruminal gas production than those of CAU3138 and FC3 stalks. These results suggested that HOC298 stalks harvested at 4/4 milk line stage of kernels are characterized by their high nutrient contents and being more ruminally digestible, and seem to be of highly valuable over other corn stalks.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different protein resources on concentration of small peptides (SP) (Pro-Ala, Val-Val, Pro-Leu, Met-Met) in the rumen fluid. Four sheep fitted with permanent cannulas were used in a 4×4 Latin square design, and fed four different protein resource which contain soybean, casein, fish meal and corn gluten meal respectively. The CP levels of four experimental diets were 14% and the ratio of concentrate and forage was 3∶7. The dry matter intake was 1 kg/d per sheep with equal to 1.2 times maintain for metabolizability energy. The results showed that the concentration of SP in rumen fluid varied with the time of protein resource degradation, the concentrations of most sheep reached a peak after 2 h to 6h. For fish meal, corn gluten meal and soybean meal treatments, accumulated amount of SP during the time of 6 hours was: Pro-Leu＞Val-Val＞Pro-Ala＞Met-Met, the accumulated amount of SP during the time of 6 hours for casein was: Pro-Leu＞Pro-Ala＞Val-Val＞Met-Met. Experiment results proved that first amino residue from N-terminate of the SP was proline, and the SP which had hydrophobic structure, or either of structure with proline residue from N terminate can resist to rumen degradation.

The influence of different sources of starch on average daily gain and net portal absorption of nutrients by portal vein-drained organs in growing pigs fed different sources of starch has been reported in this study. The daily gain was greater for the pigs fed the starch from corn and brown rice than that of brown stick rice (P<0.05) and resistant starch (P<0.01). The portal vein absorptions of glucose and total amino acid were 17.84 and 5.93 g/100 g feed intake respectively which were lower (P<0.05) than those of the pigs fed the corn, brown rice and brown stick rice. However, all of the portal absorptions of amino acids were much lower than the ileal digestibility of amino acids. There was a closed relationship (P=0.029 5) between average daily gain with net portal absorption of total amino acids in growing pigs

In order to develop an assay to distinguish the infection of EIAV American strains from DLV，the genetic evolution of two main gene gag and gp90 of EIAV proviral DNA were investigated during recurring febrile episodes. The gag and gp90 gene were amplified with proviral DNA from PBMC of EIAV-Argentina infected horse during four febrile episodes (23, 40, 51 and 70 days postinfection).The results showed that the gag gene was conservative during four febrile episodes, the percentages of variable nucleotide is under 1% , therefore this region can be selected to design the primers for differentiate diagnosis. The variance of gp90 gene was higher at 8％-10% , the comparison of variable nucleotide showed that mutations were not randomly distributed but delineated four variables regions, A1-A4. A1, A4 variables regions mutate just one time during four febrile episodes , while A2 mutate at third febrile episodes then recover at the fourth febrile episode. The study showed that provirus was very steady after EIAV virus integrating into the cell genome ,it offer a credible basis for PCR assay of EIAV.

Morphogenesis of duck enteritis virus CH virulent isolate (DEV-CHv) was investigated by ultrathin sectioning and transmission electron microscopy of infected duck embryo fibroblasts (DEF). Attached DEV-CHv probably penetrated the DEF cell membrane by direct fusion between the viral envelop and the plasma membrane. Progeny nucleocapsids assembled in the nucleus and exited from this compartment into the cytoplasm by budding through the inner nuclear leaflet into the interconnected perinuclear cisterna and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. DEV tegumentation occurred in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and the tegumented progeny nucleocapsids obtained their final envelop by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles. Intravesicular mature DEV-CHv particles were discharged from the cell through exocytosis of the cytoplasmic vesicles by DEF, or through rupture of the virus-containing vesicles.

This study will explore the changes of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in spermatogenic cells and the change of level of nitric oxide (NO) in adult male hamster testes during diethylstilbestrol (DES) inducing spermatogenesis apoptosis. The study will be helpful for illustrating the mechanism of DES induced adult animals spermatogenesis apoptosis. Adult male hamsters were treated daily with olive oil vehicle either alone (control) or containing various doses of DES (0.01,0.1 and 1mg/kg body weight, respectively) (experiment) by subcutaneous injection for 7 days. The levels of NO in testes were measured. The expressions of eNOS and iNOS proteins in the testes seminiferous tubules were detected by immunohistochemistry. The changes on the histological morphology of spermatogenic cells were observed by electron microscope. The apoptotic spermatogenic cells were detected by TUNEL staining. The change of the distribution of lipid droplets in seminiferous tubules were observed by Sudan Ⅲ staining. Results show that the level of NO was dose-dependent on DES. The apoptotic level of spermatogenic cells was similar to the level of expression eNOS and iNOS of spermatogenic cells, and these spermagenic cells were main spermatocytes and round spermatids. There are lots of marrow-like structure in degenerating spermatogenic cells cytoplasm. Lots of lipid droplets local between or in spermatogenic cells.

An in vitro gut simulation model has been developed to study the effects of low doses of ciprofloxacin on human Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. The ciprofloxacin-resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA in the ciprofloxacinresistant bacteria were amplified by polymerase chain reaction in order to study the mechanism of antibiotic resistance. The result showed that Escherichia coli could produce antibiotic resistance to ciprofloxacin, but not to other antibiotics. Enterococcus faecalis did not produce antibiotic resistance to all antibiotics. Those ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli strains had double mutations of C-to-T transition at position 248 (Ser 83 to Leu) and G-to-T transition at position 259 (Asp 87 to Tyr). The study demonstrated that low concentration of ciprofloxacin had selective pressure on human intestinal flora and could induce Escherichia coli to produce antibiotic resistance. It supplies the data for safety assessment on ciprofloxacin residues in foods of animal origin.

In this study, the rule of phenotypic change of smooth muscle cell (SMC) in the media of pulmonary arterioles was investigated during the development of ascites syndrome (AS) induced by excess salt in broiler chickens. One hundred male Arbor Acres broilers at day 8 were randomly divided into control group(C) and treated group (T). Chickens in the treated group were supplied with drinking water added 0.30% NaCl, and other factors were the same as that in control group. Lung samples of 5 randomly selected birds per group were collected to make routine paraffin section at 15，22，29，36，43 and 50 days respectively. Expression of α-SM-actin (phenotype marker protein of SMC) was determined by immunohistochemistry staining and image analysis program. The results suggested that there was dynamic phenotypic change of SMC in the media of pulmonary arterioles of broiler chickens in the control group. At day 22 SMC changed from contractile phenotype to proliferative phenotype, and did again from proliferative phenotype to contractile phenotype with in different outer diameter pulmonary arterioles at different time. Excess salt accelerated change of SMC from contractile phenotype to proliferative phenotype, and phenotypic change of SMC in pulmonary arterioles with 20-50 μm diameter was affected mostly and may play an important role in the development of AS.

With a reference system of cyclophosphamide (CY), quercetin (QU) and monocrotaline (MO), the apoptotic cellular morphology of murine L1210 induced by the extract from Tephroseris kirilowii Turcz Holub with 60% ethanol solution (EX) was observed in vitro. The early apoptotic actions of EX to murine L1210 cells were studied by Annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI of flow cytometry and the apoptotic mechanism of EX to murine L1210 was discussed. The results showed that EX at 1.0μg/mL made murine L1210 cells become apoptotic bodies in morphology and EX induced murine L1210 cells into early apoptosis with 86.8% Annexin Ⅴ-FITC⁺/PI^-cells.

Genetic parameters,breeding values and maternal effects values of reproductive performance traits in Beijing ducks were estimated in this paper using animal model and MTDFREML.The results showed that:(1) The variance of egg number in Beijing ducks is prominent;(2) The heritabilities of egg number in Beijing ducks were controlled mostly by additive effect,the maternal effect was very gentle;(3) In order to improving them together, body weight,egg weight and egg number should be synthesized in selection;(4) In order to get the accurate selection of egg number in Beijing ducks, the early egg number register should be cut out.(5)Egg number in Beijing ducks was rose slowly, but egg weight and body weight reversed.

The present experiment was conducted to determine the changes of hepatic and renal metallothionein mRNAs expression in response to different levels of zinc supplementation in ISA laying hens . The laying hens were divided into the groups of control, treatment 1 (60 mg/kg ) and treatment 2 (180 mg/kg) at 18 weeks of age and sacrificed after 10 weeks for tissue sampling. The levels of mRNA expression were quantified with RT-PCR, using β-actin as an internal standard. The results showed that zinc supplementation at 60 mg/kg, but not 180 mg/kg, significantly increased the hepatic MT mRNA level compared with the control (P<0.05). Additionally, the level of renal MT mRNA expression was significantly higher in 60 mg/kg compared with that in 180 mg/kg group (P<0.05), although no significant differences were observed between control and either of the two treatment groups. The results suggest that lower level of zinc supplementation significantly upregulate MT gene expression in the liver and kidney of the laying hens.

CACNA1S gene encodes the α1 subunit of Calcium channel. The mutation of CACNA1S gene can lead to hypokalemic periodic paralysis in human and Malignant hyperthermia in porcine. Primers were designed according to the published human CACNA1S sequences for amplification of porcine CACNA1S gene. PCR products were sequenced and compared with that of human. CACNA1S gene was located at 10p^11-12 in porcine by IMpRH panel (INRA-University of Minnesota porcine Radiation Hybrid panel).