Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica

Genetic Evidence of Maternal Origin of Leiqiong Cattle

GENG Rong-qing;CHANG Hong;JI De-jun;WANG Lan-ping;CHANG Guo-bin;LI Shi-ping;MA Guo-long;CHEN Hong-yu;CHANG Chun-fang;LI Yong-hong

2008, 39(7): 849-852. doi:

Abstract ( 967 )

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This study explored the origin and evolution of Leiqiong cattle, basing on the sequenced complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the cited bovine sequence data.The length of cytochrome b gene was 1 140 bp with two polymorphic sites. The average percentage of A+T (56.8%) was higher than that of G+C (43.2%) and a big base composition bias arised in the third codon. The phylogenetic tree constructed basing on haplotypes of cytochrome b gene, which showed that all haplotypes of cytochrome b gene from three geographical population of Leiqiong cattle cluster into the same group. This result confirmed that Leiqiong cattle origin from Bos indicus. The network relationships of cytochrome b haplotypes from Bos indicus revealed that Leiqiong cattle shared an ancestor sequence with other Bos indicus in Asian, which manifestated that they might domesticate independently from wild Bos nanadicus in different regions. We deduced that there was an independent domesticated center of Bos nanadicus in antiquity in the south of China.

Analysis of Sequences of BoLA-DRB₃ Genes in Chinese Yellow Cattle

WANG Kun;ZHANG Yuan;SUN Dong-xiao

2008, 39(7): 853-857. doi:

Abstract ( 963 )

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In this research, four Chinese Yellow cattle breeds were studied for the molecular genetic diversity in MHC-DRB³*exon2 by DNA sequencing. A total of 259 DRB³*exon2 alleles including 131 newly identified ones were found. The number of alleles represents differences in breeds, indicating genetic variations among different breeds. The estimation of the average rate of synonymous（dS）and non-synonymous（dN）substitution in the exon 2 of BoLA-DRB3 showed there was a higher ratio of dN to dS substitutions in the peptide-binding site (PBS) region. The amino acid components of 17 polymorphic sites were significant difference among breeds, including 8 PBS.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Chinese Indigenous Sheep Breeds by Microsatellite Markers

LV Shen-jin;YANG Yan;HOU Guan-yu;MA Yue-hui;GENG She-min;LI Hong-bin;PU Ya-bin

2008, 39(7): 858-865. doi:

Abstract ( 1569 )

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The seven native sheep breeds of western China were analyzed using 30 microsatellite markers which we selected. The allele frequency, mean heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, effective allele number and dendrogram analysis with coancestry genetic distance were used to assess the genetic variability between and among breeds. The results showed that total of 239 alleles were detected, the mean allele number of one locus was 8, the effect allele numbers were between 2.9 and 3.4 in breeds, and the mean Ne of loci were from 1.9 to 5.3. The mean heterozygosity of loci from 0.320 to 0.818, mean heterozygosity of breeds were from 0.656 to 0.719, and mean polymorphism information content of loci were from 0.388 to 0.786, mean PIC of breeds from 0.590 to 0.666. The dendrogram relationship between different sheep breeds were generally in accordance with the origins, breeding history and localities. The different opinions about the results need deeper research work.

Developmental Differential Expression of IGF-Ⅰ, IGF-ⅠR and IGFBP3 Genes in Liver and Muscle of Lantang and Landrace Pigs

LIU De-wu;ZHAO Yun-xiang;REN Guang-cai;ZHANG Hao;WU Zhen-fang

2008, 39(7): 866-872. doi:

Abstract ( 1387 )

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Real time RT-PCR was applied to compare the developmental expression patterns of IGF-Ⅰ, IGF-ⅠR and IGFBP3 genes in liver and muscle of Lantang and Landrace pigs at the ages of 1, 27, 90, 150 and 180 days. We have found: (1) IGF-Ⅰ gene was expressed at a higher level in liver than that in muscle. The highest level of IGF-Ⅰ mRNA was detected in muscle at day 90 compared with other ages in both breeds; however, the level of IGF-Ⅰ mRNA differed between breeds and the highest level was observed in liver at day 180 in Landrace and at day 90 in Lantang . (2) The expression level of IGFBP3 gene was higher in liver than that in muscle. the highest expression level of IGFBP3 was observed in muscle, at day 1 in both breeds. Significantly higher level of IGFBP3 mRNA at day 1 in Lantang were detected (P < 0.05); for Landrace, a significantly higher level was detected at day 1 than that at the days of 90, 150 and 180 (P < 0.05). However, expression of IGFBP3 differed between breeds in liver. Significantly higher expression level of IGFBP3 was observed in Lantang at day 90 than that at the days of 1, 27 and 150 (P < 0.05), whereas the highest level was found in Landrace pigs at day 150 among all ages, but the difference was not statistically significant. (3) In liver, the highest expression level of IGF-ⅠR was detected at day 27 in Landrace and at day 90 in Lantang. In muscle, expression level of IGF-ⅠR was higher at birth than any other ages and decreased with age in both breeds. (4) In total, Lantang showed highest expression levels of IGF-Ⅰ, IGF-ⅠR and IGFBP3 genes in liver, and IGF-Ⅰ gene in muscle at day 90, compared with other ages; while the highest levels of IGF-ⅠR and IGFBP3 genes in muscle were observed at day 1. Generally, the expression pattern of all three genes seemed to be similar in muscle of Landrace, with higher level at early age than that at later stage. There was no consistent varying expression pattern of all three genes in liver of Landrace.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a Partial cDNA Encoding BMP4 of Wanxi White Goose

GUO Xuan;WU Wei;GAO Guang;SUN Yong-feng;SUI Yu-jian

2008, 39(7): 873-878. doi:

Abstract ( 1711 )

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According to the chicken BMP4 gene sequence in GenBank, a pair of specific primers were designed, and total RNA extracted from the dorsal skin of Wanxi White goose at embryonic day 12 was used to amplify a partial cDNA encoding BMP4 with RT-PCR technique. The PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T easy vector, and the recombinant plasmid was digested with restriction endonuclease, and then the positive plasmid was sent to be sequenced. After being aligned with the related cDNA sequences of Gallus gallus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes, some mutations were found. When being translated into amino acid sequence, some mutations in BMP4 among goose and other species were also observed. These mutations may cause the differentiation in the morphology between the feathers of the fowl and the hairs of the mammal.

Pilot Study of the Expression Level of PPARγ Gene in the Different Tissue of Landres Goose

SU Sheng-yan;LI Qi-fa;LIU Zhen-shan;WANG Yan-ping;WU Song-qing;XIE Zhuang;

2008, 39(7): 879-884. doi:

Abstract ( 1104 )

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In the study, The expression of PPARγ gene in liver, subcutaneous fat, abdominal adipose and muscle were determined by real time PCR, and the relativity between serum parameters and the expression of PPARγ gene in different tissues were analysed. In the overfeeding group the expression of liver PPARγ gene was significantly higher than that of control (P<0.01). In the liver and abdominal adipose, the level of PPARγ gene mRNA are positively related with liver weight/body weight and ALT significantly (P<0.05).In the subcutaneous fat, the level of PPARγ gene mRNA has very significantly correlation coefficient with liver weight/body weight and ALT (P<0.01). The result showed that the level of PPARγ gene mRNA in liver, subcutaneous fat and abdominal adipose was related with the forming of Landres goose foie gras.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in MC4R Gene and ItsAssociation with Carcass and Feather-down Traits in Geese

CHEN Hong-quan;HUANG Hua-yun;CHEN Hua;ZHANG Tong-yan

2008, 39(7): 885-890. doi:

Abstract ( 1252 )

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The carcass traits, meat quality traits and feather-down traits of 123 geese from F₁ population of Wanxi White goose (male parent) and Sichuan White goose (female parent) were mensurated, and 12 common factors were extracted from the traits using factor analysis. The coding region of melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R) gene was cloned, and the amplified products were digested with four restriction endonucleases Hinf Ⅰ，Ear Ⅰ，PstⅠ and PvuⅡ to detect restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in MC4R gene and its association with the traits. The results showed that the RFLP emerged only using HinfⅠ with two genotypes HH and Hh, and frequencies of allele H and h were 0.890 2 and 0.109 8 in F1 population respectively The effects of genotype HH were significant on carcass weight, eviscerated weight (with giblet), liver weight, heart weight, stomach percentage, breast fat percentage, chest muscle water loss percentage and down proportion, and all genotypic contribution percentages (genotypic effect by population mean, CP) were between -5% and 5%, but on which the effects of genotype Hh were not significant after MC4R gene mutation. In effects of different genotype on 12 common factors, only the effects of genotype Hh were significant on fat power (CP = 3.314%, P<0.05) and fatty acid quality (CP = 1.218%, P<0.05).

Mutagenesis Modified and Recombinant Expression Plasmid Construction of Anti-virus Mx Protein from Chicken

NI Li-gang;HE Xian-hong;YU Fei;LI Bi-chun;GAO Bo;XIE Fei;CHENG Xu-mei;WU Xiao-wei

2008, 39(7): 891-894. doi:

Abstract ( 1043 )

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A full-length cDNA of chicken Mx gene was obtained using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of total RNA extracted from chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) which was induced with Poly(I)·Poly(C). The RT-PCR product was subcloned into pMD19-T Simple Vector and mutagenesis was performed in PCR site-directed mutagenesis, sequencing analysis confirmed the successful mutation from G to A in the site 2 032 of chicken Mx cDNA. The fragments amplified by PCR containing the mutation site were subcloned into an eukaryotic expression vector, then transfected into COS-I cell. Enzyme, PCR and RT-PCR analysis indicated that the recombinant expression plasmid pcDNA3.0-MMx was successfully constructed, which may provide a basis of expression of Mx protein genes in vivo and in vitro and its specific biological activity research.

Gene Expression Levels of Alpaca Tyrosinase Gene Family in Individuals of Different Colors

GAO Li;DONG Chang-sheng;HE Xiao-yan;HE Jun-ping;GENG Jian-jun;FAN Rui-wen;ZHU Zhi-wei;YOU Rong-li

2008, 39(7): 895-899. doi:

Abstract ( 1025 )

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Melanin plays important roles in the formation of animal hair color, the members of TYR gene family participate in the synthesis of melanin. For exploring the relationship between gene expression of alpaca TYR gene family and alpaca’s coat color, the relative expression quantity of TYR, TRP1, TRP2 in alpaca of different colors were analyzed by using real-time quantitative PCR in this research. Results showed that the relative expression quantity of TYR,TRP1,TRP2 in Brown alpaca respectively were 13669，3.417，8.593 times than that in White alpaca, all results were corrected by the household gene. The findings indicated that, gene expression level of TYR gene family in Brown alpaca were higher than that in White alpaca, and the gene expression level of TYR gene family were related with phenotype of alpacas’ coat color.

An Optimal Dietary Zinc Level for 21-day-old Broiler Chicks

HUANG Yan-ling;;LV Lin;LI Su-fen;LUO Xu-gang;LIU Bin;

2008, 39(7): 900-906. doi:

Abstract ( 1019 )

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An experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary zinc (Zn) level for broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. A total of 384 day-old male broiler chicks were assigned randomly into dietary treatments for 21 days These treatments included a basal corn-soybean meal diet (28.37 mg Zn /kg diet) and the diets supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 or 140 mg/kg of Zn in the form of reagent grade ZnSO₄·7H₂O. All treatments were replicated 6 times using 8 chicks per pen. Tissue Zn concentration and Zn metalloenzyme activity were analyzed for choosing suitable criterion to determine the optimal dietary Zn level for broilers. Regression analysis was performed to estimate optimal dietary Zn level in the presence of quadratic or asymptotic responses. Results showed that daily weight gain and daily feed intake were increased with dietary Zn level increased (P<0.05), and the maximum daily weight gain and daily feed intake were observed in the diet supplemented with 20 and 40 mg/kg of Zn (48.37 and 68.37 mg/kg total dietary Zn). According to asymptotic model, the optimal Zn requirement of chicks from hatch to 21 d of age was 30.78 mg/kg for pancreas Zn and 3386 mg/kg for bone Zn, respectively. Quadratic responses were exhibited by serum 5′-nucleotidase (5′-NT) activity, resulting in total optimal dietary levels of 52.13 mg/kg. Based on the results, the optimal dietary Zn level of chicks from hatch to 21 d of age is 80 mg/kg.

Model to Predict Inorganic Phosphate Release from Phytate Phosphorusby Microbial Phytase in 1 to 21-day-old Broilers

HAN Jin-cheng;YANG Xiao-dan;YANG Feng-xia;YAO Jun-hu;LIU Yu-rui;CHEN Xin-ke;WANG Yao-jie;ZHOU Zhen-feng;XU Jin-rong;FENG Xin-yu

2008, 39(7): 907-914. doi:

Abstract ( 1038 )

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An experiment was conducted to determine effects of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) and microbial phytase on performance, nutrient utilization, tibia development and plasma parameters in 1 to 21-day-old broiler chicks fed with a corn-soybean meal diet and to evaluate the equivalency values of microbial phytase for inorganic phosphate (Pi). On the day of hatch, 400, mixed sex, Arbor Acres chicks were allotted into treatments of ten chicks per pen with four pens per treatment. Ten experimental diets were formulated. Diet 1 (basal diet) to 4 contained 2.1, 2.9, 3.7, and 4.5 g/kg NPP. The PP content in all diets was 2.4 g/kg. To the basal diet, diet 5 to 10 was supplemented with microbial phytase 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 4 000 and 8 000 U/kg, respectively. The results showed that body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, plasma Pi concentration, tibia length and strength, tibia ash weight and content, tibia P, and total P retention increased, but mortality and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity decreased with dietary NPP or phytase levels increasing. The relationship between dietary NPP or phytase levels and broilers growth was quadratic. When 8 000 U/kg phytase added, about 94.84% phytate phosphorus was hydrolyzed, and broilers growth performance was equal to those fed with diet of 4.5 g/kg NPP. The model to predict inorganic phosphate releasing from phytate phosphorus by microbial phytase was as follows: y = 0.425 4 log₂(1 + x/250) + 0.283 （n=7, R2 = 0.915 3，P=0.000 7），where y is the phosphate releasing (g/kg) and x is the microbial phytase level (U/kg). This experiment indicated that high level microbial phytase could hydrolyze almost all phytate phosphorus and the model could be helpful to poultry diets formulation for nutritionist and managers.

Effects of Ruminal Infusion of Soybean Oligosaccharides on Nutrient Flow and Digestion in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Sheep

LIU Bing;QU Ming-ren;ZHANG Xue-feng;LIU Guang-Bin;GAO Min;ZHANG Ai-zhong

2008, 39(7): 915-922. doi:

Abstract ( 907 )

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of soybean oligosaccharides (SBOS) on nutrient flow and digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep by continuous feeding and rumen infusion procedure. Nine Inner Mongolian semi-fine wool wethers fitted with permanent ruminal, proximal duodenal and ileal cannulas were randomly allotted into one of 3 treatments with 3 each. Treatments were 1) continous infusion with SBOS into rumen daily at 0.6% of basal diet (DM basis); 2) infusion with SBOS at 1.2% of basal diet (DM basis); 3) control, no infusion with SBOS. Ruminal liquid digesta flow rate, ruminal digesta N and MN flows and duodenal MN flow were increased in sheep infused with 0.6% or 1.2% SBOS. Duodenal, ileal and rectal flows of DM, OM, ADF and NDF were significantly enhanced (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and DM, OM, ADF and NDF digestibilities in gastric tract, large intestine and total tract (P<0.05 or P<0.01) and CP digestibility in small intestine (P<0.05) were significantly improved in sheep infused with 1.2% SBOS as compared with control group. No significant difference in all parameters tested was observed (P>0.05) between sheep infused with 0.6% SBOS and control group.

Study of Diet Energy Metabolism in Holstein Calves

ZHANG Shuan-lin;LIU Qiang;HUANG Ying-xiang;YANG Zhi-ling

2008, 39(7): 923-929. doi:

Abstract ( 1569 )

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The objective of the experiment was to study the transition of digestible model, energy conversion rate and the characteristics of energy metabolism of the calves. Three 2-day-old Holstein male calves were selected to carry out digestion-metabolism experiment. The results showed that the digestibility of the diet energy declined gradually with the month, the average was 73.73%, the metabolic rate of digestible energy stabilized during the first 3 months and then decreased from 3rd to 5th month, finally returned to normal, the average was 84.68%, the metabolic rate of gross energy declined gradually during the first 5 months and then returned, the average was 62.68%, the ratio of urinary energy to digestible energy was 11.44%,the ratio of methane energy to digestible energy increased during the first 4 months and then decreased during the last 2 months, the average was 3.65%, the ratio of heat production to digestible energy showed a trend of increased firstly and then decreased, the average was 43.86%, the ratio of retention energy to digestible energy was 41.01%. The average heat production was 395.71 kJ/kg W^0.75, the net energy for gain was 10.97 MJ/kg. The results indicate that the fasting heat production of calves was more than that of mature cows, while the net energy for gain was less than that of mature cows.

Protective Antigens from Virulent Isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum FN(A)

MIAO Li-guang;YANG Fu-he;LIU Yan-huan;WANG Zhi-gang;LI Yan;WANG Ke-jian;XIAO Jia-mei

2008, 39(7): 930-934. doi:

Abstract ( 1509 )

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A virulent isolate of the bacterium FN(A) was lysed with trypsin. Supernatants and precipitates of the bacterial lysates were used to prepare anti-FN serum by immunizing rabbits. Four immunogenic components were isolated using SDS-PAGE/Western-blot. Immunized rabbits were challenged,and one protective antigen was screened. After antigen isolation and purification, the N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined and an immunological test and hemolysis test were performed. Results suggested that this antigen is either a hemolysin analogue or a new antigenic substance. The antigen was able to induce a protective immune response as well as generate a marked cross-immune reaction among different bacterial strains.

Preliminary Pathology Report of Myeloblastosis and Hemangioma Associated with ALV-J in Commercial Layer Chicken

CHENG Zi-qiang;LIU Si-dang;MENG Xiang-kai;ZHANG Hong-hai;DIAO Xiu-guo;LIU Qing;CUI Zhi-zhong

2008, 39(7): 935-940. doi:

Abstract ( 1710 )

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In July 2007, myeloblastosis and hemangioma cases associated with avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) were first diagnosed in a layer chicken（150-day） flock in Shandong province. The main symptoms were characterized by runting-stunting and hemangioma. In the necropsy, almost all viscera tissues showed moderate to severe enlargement with diffuse gray-white nodules; Cutting open the hemangioma, blood effused and many myeloblasts were seen in blood smear. Histological examination indicated that the tumor cells proliferated in tissues mainly were myeloblasts with basophilia granules in cytoplasm; Intestinal gland epithelial cells and reticulocytes proliferated in lamina propria of alimentary tract; Hemangioma were typical sponge-like hemangioma. By immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique with ALV-J and REV monoclonal antibodies, the most intense staining of ALV-J antigen was found in the tumor tissues, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and proventriculus, while REV antigen was negative. The results indicated that myeloblastosis, hemangioma and other tissues tumors occurred in layer chickens were new dominance tumors induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J).

Infectivity Analysis of Cloned Genomic DNA of P1 Agent in vitro

WEN Li-bin;HE Kong-wang;YANG Han-chun

2008, 39(7): 941-944. doi:

Abstract ( 926 )

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The ultrastructure of porcine kidney (PK)-15 cells was examined after lipofectamine transfection of the molecular clone of the P1 agent. PK-15 cells transfected with the tandem dimmer of the P1 molecular DNA clone had numbers of intracytoplasmic inclusions, and a few cells had intranuclear inclusions. Intracytoplasmic inclusions were round to oval and 0.1-0.3 μm in diameter, and intranuclear inclusions were more electron dense than intracytoplasmic inclusions and were of two general types: The first type were round and small (0.1 μm approximately) and the second type were hexagon and larger (0.4-0.8 μm in diameter). The cells transfected with the tandem dimmer of the P1 molecular DNA clone were positive for P1 DNA at passages 5. This is the first report that the P1 molecular clone has infectivity in vitro and it will provide fundamental materials for further study on the biological characterization of P1.

Construction of Gene Vaccine Vector Carrying TSOL18 Gene of Taenia solium Oncosphere and Its Immunogenicity

GUO Ai-jiang;CAI Xue-peng;FANG Yong-xiang;JIA Wan-zhong;LUO Xue-nong;LIU Hong-xia

2008, 39(7): 945-949. doi:

Abstract ( 980 )

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In this study, recombinant expression plasmid pVAX1/TSOL18 was constructed and then transfected into BHK-21 cell line with liposome 2000. The results of SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and fluorescence antibody assay showed that TSOL18 protein was successfully expressed in BHK-21 cell line and could be recognized by positive serum against cysticercosis.Immunization in mice indicated that the expression vectors could efficiently induce the specific cellular and humoral immunoresponse, which laid a solid foundation for the further development of new vaccines of cysticercosis.

Expressing Profiling of GM-CSF Gene in Cecal Tonsil of Chickens Vaccinated with Eimeria tenella Oocysts

XU Geng;WANG Cai-xia;WANG Li-xia;AN Jian;LI Wei-dong

2008, 39(7): 950-954. doi:

Abstract ( 934 )

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In order to evaluate the effects of chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF) on the anticoccidial immunity, the ORF of ChGM-CSF were cloned from chicken cecal tonsil using RT-PCR with a pair of specific primers designed from the reported sequence in GenBank. The full-length of ChGM-CSF ORF is 435 bp.The semi-quantitative RT-PCR using chicken β-actin as inner-reference for detecting the expression of ChGM-CSF was further developed and then was used for detecting the expressing patterns of ChGM-CSF in chickens vaccinated with sporulated oocysts of E.tenella at 12 and 22 day-old.Our results indicated that the expression level of ChGM-CSF in experimental group significantly increased at day 1 post-primary(P＜0.05) and day 7 post-boost(P＜0.01) infection,decreased significantly(P＜0.01)at day 9 post-primary and at day 3 post-boost infection.It is suggested that ChGM-CSF can play important roles in the immune responses against E.tenella infection in chickens.

The Bacterial Community and Diversity in the Layer Gastrointestinal Tract: From Crop to Cecum Analyzed by PCR-DGGE

NI Xue-qin;GONG Joshua;YU Hai;ZENG Dong;SHARIF Shayan;ZHOU Xiao-qiu

2008, 39(7): 955-961. doi:

Abstract ( 1707 )

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The bacterial community and diversity in the layer whole gastrointestinal tract were studied by using 16S rDNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and some common and special bands were identified, in order to investigate the effect of compartment and age on the predominant eubacteria in the crop, duodenal, jejunal, ileal and ceacal digesta at the age of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The DGGE profiles provided a snapshot of the bacterial population and allowed calculation of the degree of similarity in the predominant intestinal microflora of commercial layers. PCRDGGE DNA profiles of the V3 region gene of 16S rDNA of microbiota in crop, duodenal, jejunal, ileal and ceacal digesta showed different profiles, the highest levels of diversity were found in cecum, followed by ileum and jejunum, while lowest levels of diversity were found in crop and duodenum. Similarity coefficients between banding patterns of duodenum and the other compartments were significantly different, followed by that of cecum. The number of bands in all intestinal compartants increased when layers grew from 2 to 4 weeks, then decreased in 6 weeks and increased in 8 weeks. 4 common and 9 special 16S rDNA amplicons in the DGGE pattern of layers at 8 weeks were identified by cloning and sequence analysis. Lactobacillus suntoryeus, Clostridium sordellii and E. coli were predominant in the upper GI tract. The special bacterial in ceacal digesta of commercial layers were Clostridium spp，Megamonas hypermegale and plenty of uncultured bacterial. The results of this study indicated that compartmentspecific factors play an important role in the composition and diversity of the dominant eubacterial population in every region of gastrointestinal tract of layers at different age. Furthermore the age of layers also plays an important role in the diversity of the intestinal bacterial community.

Effect of Estrogen or Progesterone Treatment on Mast Cell Number in the Uterus of Ovariectomized Rat

WANG Yi-juan;CHEN Yao-xing;LI Guo-ping;WANG Zi-xu;JING Hai-xia

2008, 39(7): 962-966. doi:

Abstract ( 1308 )

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To discuss the relationship among mast cells, estrogen and progesterone in uterus, the effect of estrogen or progesterone on the number of mast cells in the uterus of ovariectomized rats were studied. 35 female rats were devided into 7 groups (SHAM, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX＋E 20 μg, OVX+E 100 μg, OVX+E 500 μg, OVX＋P 2 mg, OVX＋P 10 mg). The concentration of estradiol and progesterone in serum were detected by RIA, and the uterine mast cells were stained by toluidine blue. The results were as follows:①Compared to ovariectomized rat, the concentration of estradiol in serum increased by 97.13% in OVX＋E 20 μg (P＜0.05), 204.84% in OVX+E 100 μg （P＜0.05） and 936.45% in OVX+E 500 μg group （P＜0.05）; The progesterone concentration increased by 77.25% in OVX＋P 2 mg （P＜0.05） and 235.25% in OVX＋P 10 mg group (P<0.05)②Compared to ovariectomized rat, the number of mast cells in uteri decreased by 32.65% in OVX＋E 20 μg, 64.50% in OVX+E 100 μg （P＜0.05）, 74.49% in OVX+E 500 μg （P＜0.05） and 70.67% in OVX＋P 10 mg groups （P＜0.05）.However, the number of mast cells increased by 66.73% in OVX＋P 2 mg group （P＜0.05） compared with OVX. The trend of mast cells number in the rat uterus was decreased gradually with the increasing of estrogen or progesterone concentration. The number of mast cells in ovariectomized rat uterus was affected by estrogen or progesterone. These results demonstrated that estrogen or progesterone directly affected the number of mast cells in the uterus of rat.

Dynamic Expression of the Apoptosis Related Protein Bax and Bcl-2 in Immunity Organs of Gushi Chickens

LI Kui;LI Ming;KANG Xiang-tao;LIU Ying;SUN Gui-rong;JIN Xiang-yang

2008, 39(7): 967-973. doi:

Abstract ( 1187 )

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Study on dynamic expression of the apoptosis related protein Bax and Bcl-2 in immunity organs of Gushi chickens was performed and analyzed by using immunohistochemistry technology and Leica Microsystems. The results showed that the expressions of Bax protein in different immunity organs were observed, however, numbers of the positive cells of Bax protein were different on different developmental stages. The positive Bax-protein was found in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus of lymphocytes. The positive cells were dispersedly (or in clusters) distributed in different places for different immunity organs. Most of the positive cells, in spleen, were found in periarterial lymphatic sheath, red pulp, edge of splenic nodules and marginal zone, few of them in inner of splenic nodules. The positive cells, in thymus, were localized mainly in the connective zone of thymic cortex and thymic medulla , secondly in thymic medulla, and a few in thymic cortex. In Bursa, the majority of positive cells were observed in lamina propria of mucous membrane and areas between lymphoid follicles, a few in edge of lymphoid follicles, and few in inner of lymphoid follicles. The expression of Bcl-2 in the immunity organs of Gushi chickens was similar to that of Bax, but the expression level of Bcl-2 was less than that of Bax. All results mentioned above indicated that the apoptosis related protein Bax and Bcl-2 participated in the regulation of apoptosis of thymocytes and lymphocytes, and played the important roles in keeping the immunity organs stable.

Toxic Effect of Olaquindox on Liver and Kidney in Mouse

YIN Rong-huan;BAI Wen-lin;WU Chang-de;WANG Jian-min;LIU Bao-shan;ZOU De-yan;FANG He-chun;LIU Li-xia;HE Jian-bin

2008, 39(7): 974-979. doi:

Abstract ( 1029 )

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Based on the method of toxicology, mice were administered with different dosage of olaquindox by intragastric administration in order to investigate the effect of olaquindox on function of liver and kidney. The results were as follows: With the increase of olaquindox dosage, both the activity of GOT, GPT and the content of BUN, Cre in blood stepped up, the activity of CHE stepped up at first, and then stepped down, the content of TP and ALB stepped down obviously in serum. These results indicated that there was a decrease in anabolism of protein, and increase in catabolism, which resulted in a decrease in growth rates. At autopsia, the livers displayed swelling, blood stasis, and become breakable. Both denaturation and necrosis of liver cell were observed in 1/10 LD50 and 1/5 LD50 groups. The swelling, denaturation and desquamation was also observed in epithelia of nephridial tubule, at the same time, the glomerular capsule become incommodious. By electron microscope, plasmarrhexis, decrease of organelle, impairment of mitochondria were observed in partial liver cells in 1/5 LD50 group. Plasmarrhexis occurred in epithelia of proximal convoluted tubule, and impairment, vacuole appeared in mitochondrial cristae, while, there was some part fusion in Sertoli cells of glomeruli. These results confirmed the organic impairment of olaquindox on liver and kidney in mouse.

Effect of Dietary High Copper on the Cell Cycle and Apoptosis of Kidney in Ducklings

CUI Wei;PENG Xi;ZHAO Li;YANG Fan;CUI Heng-min

2008, 39(7): 980-984. doi:

Abstract ( 907 )

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The experiment was conducted with the objective of examining the effect of dietary high copper on the cell cycle and apoptosis of kidney in ducklings by the methods of flow cytometry (FCM). 360 one-day-old Tianfu meat ducklings were randomly divided into six groups and fed on diets as follows: Control (Cu 8 mg/kg) and high copper (Cu 100 mg/kg，high copper groupⅠ；Cu 200 mg/kg，high copper groupⅡ；Cu 400 mg/kg，high copper group Ⅲ；Cu 600 mg/kg，high copper group Ⅳ；Cu 800 mg/kg，high copper groupⅤ) for six weeks. Kidney samples were collected, then the cell cycle and apoptosis were tested by FCM. The results showed that the percentage of renal cell apoptosis was increased in high copper groups Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ when compared with that of control group. The G0/G1 phase of cell cycle of renal cell was lower, and S, G2+M phase was higher in high copper groupsⅠand Ⅱ than that in control group. The G0/G1 phase of cell cycle of renal cell was much higher, and S, G2+M phase was lower in high copper groups Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴthan that in control group ( P<0.05 or P<0.01). It is concluded that dietary copper in excess of 400 mg/kg diet impaired the progression of renal cells from G0/G1 phase to S phase obviously and induced renal cell apoptosis.

The Influence of Transportation Stress on Cell-Mediated Immune Functions in Erhualian Piglets

ZHANG Cai-xia;SHAO Bin;ZHAO Ru-qian;;ZHANG Shu-xia

2008, 39(7): 985-988. doi:

Abstract ( 1451 )

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Transportation of piglets may result in stress that is associated with increased susceptibility of diseases, presumably due to alteration of immune function. The objective of this investigation was to explore effect of road transportation of Erhualian piglets on cell-mediated immune function.21 Erhualian piglets about 20 kg in weight were divided into transportation and control groups, 7 in transportation group and 14 in control group. After 2 h transportation, all piglets were killed after anaesthesia with Pentobarbital Sodium. Blood and spleen samples were collected. IL-1β and IL-2 levels in serum were measured by radioimmunoassay. Effects of stressed piglet’s serum on T-lymphocyte proliferation in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from normal pigs were detected by methylthiazol tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. And expressions of IL-1β and IL-2 mRNA were determined by RT-PCRThe results were as follows: (1) IL-1β and IL-2 levels in serum from transportation piglets were higher than that of control group（P＞0.05）. (2)The serum of transportation stress piglets can obviously promote the activity of T-lymphocyte proliferation in PBLs from normal pigs（P<0.05） at 1∶4 and 1∶8 dilution; (3) Expression of IL-2 gene in spleens were profoundly up-regulated （P<0.05） by transportation stress, while expressions of IL-1β gene unchanged. The above results demonstrated that a 2 h transportation may alter immune function of piglets, and the piglets can adapt to this transportation manner well by strengthening their immune system function to cope with the harmful environment.

Effect of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Viscera Development in Earlyweaned Piglet

HE Zi-shuang;;HU Yuan-liang;YIN Yu-long;HUANG Rui-lin;LI Fei-wu;WANG Gui-ping

2008, 39(7): 989-993. doi:

Abstract ( 1706 )

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Landrace Yorkshire male pigs were weaned at 7-day old and fed with milk prepared by milk-replacing powder (MRP) and water. At 9-day old, twelve pigs were randomly assigned into control (basic diet) or glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) group (MRP containing 200 mg/kg GA) according to body weight, 6 pigs each. The pigs were fed with corresponding feed for 12 days. Pigs were weighed and killed at 21-day old, and the viscera index, the protein content in enterocytes of small intestine and the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in that of jejunum, and the villus height, crypt and lamina propria depth of jejunum and ileum were determined. The results showed that, compared with the control, the liver index and small intestine mass/length, the villus height of jejunum and ileum and the crypt of ileum in GA group were increased (P<0.05); The ODC activity was enhanced (P<0.01). It is indicated that the development of liver and small intestine of piglet were boosted and the mucosa structure was improved by GA; And increasing ODC activity is one of the potentially molecular mechanism of GA on the small intestine.

DNA Segment Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of SREBP-1 Gene in the Landes Goose

HAN Chun-chun;WANG Ji-wen

2008, 39(7): 994-999. doi:

Abstract ( 1293 )

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Total RNA from Landes goose liver of 16 weeks old was extracted.The cDNA segment about 282 bp of Langdes goose was amplified by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)Sequence analysis showed that there is a high similarity between the fragment of cDNA and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1(SREBP-1) gene containing a bHLH function region. Meanwhile, the segment evidently has a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region, and the secondary structure richly contains αhelix, which accords with its function.

Effects of Podophyllum Emodi Polysaccharide on Immune Function and Antioxidant Capability in Mice

SHUAI Xue-hong;HU Ting-jun;CHEN Jiong-ran;GAO Li-ping

2008, 39(7): 1000-1004. doi:

Abstract ( 979 )

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A water-soluble polysaccharide from root of Podophyllum Emodi was obtained through boiling water. The physical and chemical characteristics of the Podophyllum Emodi polysaccharides(PEP) was analyzed by filter paper chromatography and FT-IR. Stimulation test of PEP on splenic lymphocyte proliferation was performed in vitro. In vivo,on day 1,3,5 and 7, ten mice were given PEP at dose of 200 mg/kg BW by abdominal injection.The model of immune hypofunction was established by using dexamethasone, PEP(200 mg/kg BW) was given to investigate the effects of the polysaccharide on immune function and oxidative stress. The results showed that PEP is composed of glucose, fructose, mannose and arabinose. PEP stimulated the lymphocytes proliferation and induced the lymphocyte proliferation in cooperation with ConA in vitro. PEP improved the spleen index(P<0.05). PEP can significantly increase the descent activity of T-SOD and activity of antisuperoxide anion induced by dexamethasone（P<0.01）, and decreased the content of hydrogen dioxide and content of malondialdehyde(P<0.01), it can also significantly increase the activity of T-AOC（P<0.01）in vivo. It is concluded that the PEP may play an important role in modulating immune function and prevention of oxidative damage in immunological system.

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